Seasons change....Here in Western Pennsylvania, we experience the full gamut of the changing seasons. Sometimes we can experience 2 or 3 of those seasons in one day and we need to leave the house prepared for cool mornings, hot afternoons, and an umbrella just in case. We leave our homes prepared to strip off the layers of clothing, turning off the heat in the car and turning on the A/C. In the winter, we have our snow brushes and ice scrapers. We are prepared! Bring it on!
I am a "preparer" by nature, I schedule my days, but not so much that I can't be flexible if necessary. I leave some wiggle room and try to be happy about it. I will even plan my adventures, not wanting to leave anything to chance. Not like when I was much younger, when I lived life fully on the edge, looking forward to uncertainty, and singing seasons change and so do I*. I had no fear, took many risks, not really caring. (*The Guess Who)
The seasons of the earth change, and we know what to expect. Rain in the spring, blooming flowers, hot summers, thunderstorms, the glory of the changing leaves, and then the snow and ice of winter. We know it is coming and we prepare, switching out our clothes, buying snow tires, etc.
But what about when the seasons of our lives change? When life happens when we are making other plans? When it gets too hard? Because face it, doing life is hard. I was trying to live this cautionary life, laying out my plans for the future like I switch out my boots for sandals. But wait, didn't God say in Proverbs 16:9 "We can make our plans, but God determines our steps" (NLT).
My life is facing uncertainties in this season. Family members with health issues, an aging parent, and everything that goes with it. Uncertainties tend to overwhelm us. I think that is because we feel threatened and out of control. We cry out why me, and this is not fair. This is an emotional response to being uncertain of the outcome and this response can cause health issues, if we let it.
We don't know the future, but we know whose hands the future is in. And it is not ours.
Facing uncertainties requires preparation in body, mind, and spirit:
Body: sticking to a health promoting way of eating and keeping up with your exercise routine will help you think more clearly and keeps your immune system in top shape to fight off infections and viruses. When we are emotionally distraught, our body is more susceptible to infections and viruses. In the midst of everything, I caught the nasty virus going around and was able to kick it in a couple of days. I never would have been able to do this years ago, when I ate a not so good sick promoting diet. In the midst of hard life happening, stick to a routine and get adequate sleep.
Mind: when emotions get out of control, take a step back, examine the situation, and write down what is making you feel out of control and threatened. When life is hard, we lose heart. Find people who will weep with you and support you. Sometimes we really do need a professional to talk to and sort it out. Keeping on an optimal way of eating, with lots of fresh fruit and veggies, really does help. When your digestive system is healthy, your mind is healthy as well.
Spirit: the future is not in our hands, no matter how much I want to schedule it. Being grateful for the little blessings that we have daily can be transformative. My friend Greg McBrayer wrote today "Some people believe they are masters of their own destiny." Don't we prove this to be untrue every day? He also wrote "All our trials and triumphs are part of God's transforming glory." It might be difficult to be loving and compassionate through our own trials, but this is where our faith comes in. This faith in God transforms us daily.
As the seasons of my life change, by God's grace, so will I. Only this time it is the transforming change of faith, from glory to glory. Being healthy in body, mind and spirit is the position from which we fight our battles. We will be equipped when life happens. We can still live on the edge but this time it's because God has our back and we can live boldly, facing the unknown.
Liz Fattore
Nurture Your Health
Licensed Food Over Medicine Professional
Wellness Forum Health
Your Wellness Lifestyle Starts HereThe use of heat is an ancient practice that results in purification, cleansing and healing. Examples include sweat lodges, which were used by Native Americans, and the traditional use of sauna in Finland. Benefits range from detoxification to improvement in cardiovascular health.
Understanding how heat, including heat from sauna, can positively affect heart health starts with an understanding of hormesis, which is defined as a compensatory response to a stressor. Hormetic stressors like exercise and heat trigger protective mechanisms that repair cell damage, and also provide protection against more severe stressors.[1]
Many types of heat exposure can lead to positive physiological changes, including sauna, heat wrapping, diathermy, and hot yoga. One mechanism by which heat has a positive effect is vasodilation. After exposure to extreme heat, the body cools itself. This requires the dilation of vessels to increase blood flow to the skin and to facilitate the release of heat. This not only lowers body temperature, but also increases heart rate and delivers oxygen to muscles and limbs, similar to the effect of aerobic exercise.
Another mechanism is via heat shock proteins, or HSPs, which are present in all cells and in the extracellular spaces. HSPs are involved in numerous cellular functions, and both aerobic exercise and heat stress increase HSP levels.[2] HSPs assist in lowering systemic inflammation and can increase exercise tolerance.[3] Research shows that within 30 minutes of exposure to heat, heat shock proteins in cells increase and remain elevated over time; again, similar to the effect of exercise.[4]
Many studies have looked at the positive effect of sauna bathing and show that it can improve cardiac output, circulation throughout the body, and vascular endothelial function.[5] In fact, while in a sauna, cardiac output can increase by as much as 70% while stroke volume remains stable. A study of 19 adults showed that blood pressure and heart rate increase as much during a 25-minute sauna session as both would be expected to increase during moderate exercise; and that blood pressure was lower after than it was before sauna.[6]
A prospective cohort study published in 2015 included 20 years of data on over 2300 Finnish men and showed that those who spent time in a sauna more frequently had a lower risk of death from heart disease and stroke.[7]
The best way to address cardiac risk factors or to improve health in general is via a multifaceted approach incorporating diet, exercise, hydration, and heat exposure through sauna, hot yoga, or even yard work in hot weather. In fact, research shows that a post-workout sauna can enhance the benefits of exercise, and that sauna likely provides the most benefit when combined with aerobic and strength training.[8] This makes hot yoga a good alternative because it combines heat and exercise.
Many people report that they don’t like heat or that they are heat intolerant. It’s important to keep in mind that almost anything new requires a period of adaptation, and this includes exercise, improved diet, and heat. For most people, the benefits to be gained far outweigh the discomfort of adapting to something new.
Understanding how heat, including heat from sauna, can positively affect heart health starts with an understanding of hormesis, which is defined as a compensatory response to a stressor. Hormetic stressors like exercise and heat trigger protective mechanisms that repair cell damage, and also provide protection against more severe stressors.[1]
Many types of heat exposure can lead to positive physiological changes, including sauna, heat wrapping, diathermy, and hot yoga. One mechanism by which heat has a positive effect is vasodilation. After exposure to extreme heat, the body cools itself. This requires the dilation of vessels to increase blood flow to the skin and to facilitate the release of heat. This not only lowers body temperature, but also increases heart rate and delivers oxygen to muscles and limbs, similar to the effect of aerobic exercise.
Another mechanism is via heat shock proteins, or HSPs, which are present in all cells and in the extracellular spaces. HSPs are involved in numerous cellular functions, and both aerobic exercise and heat stress increase HSP levels.[2] HSPs assist in lowering systemic inflammation and can increase exercise tolerance.[3] Research shows that within 30 minutes of exposure to heat, heat shock proteins in cells increase and remain elevated over time; again, similar to the effect of exercise.[4]
Many studies have looked at the positive effect of sauna bathing and show that it can improve cardiac output, circulation throughout the body, and vascular endothelial function.[5] In fact, while in a sauna, cardiac output can increase by as much as 70% while stroke volume remains stable. A study of 19 adults showed that blood pressure and heart rate increase as much during a 25-minute sauna session as both would be expected to increase during moderate exercise; and that blood pressure was lower after than it was before sauna.[6]
A prospective cohort study published in 2015 included 20 years of data on over 2300 Finnish men and showed that those who spent time in a sauna more frequently had a lower risk of death from heart disease and stroke.[7]
The best way to address cardiac risk factors or to improve health in general is via a multifaceted approach incorporating diet, exercise, hydration, and heat exposure through sauna, hot yoga, or even yard work in hot weather. In fact, research shows that a post-workout sauna can enhance the benefits of exercise, and that sauna likely provides the most benefit when combined with aerobic and strength training.[8] This makes hot yoga a good alternative because it combines heat and exercise.
Many people report that they don’t like heat or that they are heat intolerant. It’s important to keep in mind that almost anything new requires a period of adaptation, and this includes exercise, improved diet, and heat. For most people, the benefits to be gained far outweigh the discomfort of adapting to something new.
Liz Fattore
Nurture Your Health
Licensed Food Over Medicine Professional
Wellness Forum Health
[1] McCarthy MF, Barroso-Aranda J, Contreras F. "Regular thermal therapy may promote insulin sensitivity while boosting expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase – Effects comparable to those of exercise training." Med Hypoth2009 Jul;73(1):103-105
[2] Yamada PM, Amorin FT, Mosely P, Robergs R, Schneider SM. "Effect of heat acclimation on heat shock proteins 72 and interleukin-10 in humans."
J Appl Physiol 2007 Oct;103;4
[3] Zychowska M, Nowak-Zaelska A, Chruscinski G et al "Association of High Cardiovascular Fitness and the Rate of Adaptation to Heat Stress." Biomed Res Int 2018 Feb;1685368
[4] Patrick, RP, Johnson TL. "Sauna use as a lifestyle practice to extend healthspan." Exp Gerontol 2-21 Oct;154:111509
[5] Blum N, Blum A. "Beneficial effects of sauna bathing for heart failure patients." Exp Clin Cardiol 2007 Spring;12(1):29-32
[6] Ketelhut A, Ketelhut RG. "The blood pressure and heart rate during sauna bath correspond to cardiac responses during submaximal dynamic exercise." Compl Ther Med 2019 Jun;44:218-222
[7] Laukkanen T, Khan H, Zaccardi F et al. "Association Between Sauna Bathing and Fatal Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality Events." JAMA Intern Med 2015 Apr;175(4):542-548
[8] Kunutsor SK, Laukkanen JA. "Does the Combination of Finnish Sauna Bathing and Other Lifestyle Factors Confer Additional Health Benefits? A Review of the Evidence." Proc Mayo Clin 2023 Jun;98(6):P915-926
[2] Yamada PM, Amorin FT, Mosely P, Robergs R, Schneider SM. "Effect of heat acclimation on heat shock proteins 72 and interleukin-10 in humans."
J Appl Physiol 2007 Oct;103;4
[3] Zychowska M, Nowak-Zaelska A, Chruscinski G et al "Association of High Cardiovascular Fitness and the Rate of Adaptation to Heat Stress." Biomed Res Int 2018 Feb;1685368
[4] Patrick, RP, Johnson TL. "Sauna use as a lifestyle practice to extend healthspan." Exp Gerontol 2-21 Oct;154:111509
[5] Blum N, Blum A. "Beneficial effects of sauna bathing for heart failure patients." Exp Clin Cardiol 2007 Spring;12(1):29-32
[6] Ketelhut A, Ketelhut RG. "The blood pressure and heart rate during sauna bath correspond to cardiac responses during submaximal dynamic exercise." Compl Ther Med 2019 Jun;44:218-222
[7] Laukkanen T, Khan H, Zaccardi F et al. "Association Between Sauna Bathing and Fatal Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality Events." JAMA Intern Med 2015 Apr;175(4):542-548
[8] Kunutsor SK, Laukkanen JA. "Does the Combination of Finnish Sauna Bathing and Other Lifestyle Factors Confer Additional Health Benefits? A Review of the Evidence." Proc Mayo Clin 2023 Jun;98(6):P915-926
Ensalada Azteca
I found this recipe in The China Study Cookbook, by LeAnne Campbell, PhD, and it was perfect for my summer salad series gathering on my back porch, where we enjoy a great conversation about health. I substituted peaches for the mangos, and I used maple syrup instead of agave for the dressing. Delicious!
Ingredients
- 2 -15 ounce cans of beans, drained & rinsed (I used kidney and black beans)
- 2 cups cooked quinoa or brown rice
- 1/2 cup finely chopped red onion
- 1 green, red, or orange pepper, diced
- 1 large tomato, diced
- 1 large avocado, diced
- 2 cups frozen corn thawed, or fresh off the cob
- 1/2 cup mangoes (I used fresh peaches from the local farm)
- 1 jalapeno, finely diced (optional)
- 3/4 cup fresh cilantro, chopped (I used 1 tablespoon dried cilantro)
DRESSING
- 1/3 cup rice vinegar
- 2 tablespoons lime juice
- 1/2 cup mangoes, diced (I used the peaches)
- 1/4 cup agave (I used maple syrup)
- 1/2 tsp grated ginger (optional)
- sea salt and pepper to taste
Instructions
Combine beans, rice or quinoa, onion, pepper, tomato, avocado, corn, mangoes or peaches, jalapeno, and cilantro in a large salad bowl.
In a food processor, place the dressing ingredients: vinegar, lime juice, mangoes or peaches, agave or maple syrup, and ginger. Process until smooth.
Pour dressing over the salad, toss gently. Season with salt and pepper to taste.
Being a member of and representing Wellness Forum Health gives me access to a plethora of vetted and researched science, such as how to accurately read and interpret medical and scientific information, and how to make choices about food. I also have learned how to avoid "majoring in the minors," or focusing on things that make no difference. It’s sometimes difficult to avoid falling into this trap since sensational claims about ingredients used in processed foods make headlines and help marginal people to develop a following quickly. A good example is the focus on minor ingredients in processed foods, like carrageenan, which is found in products like plant milks, yogurt, and frozen pizzas and burritos. I have often wondered about that ingredient and it's nice to have researched information. If you think that carrageenan or any other substance is causing you distress, then avoid it. But the amount that is added in processed foods is minimal, and processed foods should not be a major part of your diet.
Carrageenan is a polysaccharide extracted from red edible seaweed called Irish moss. It has no nutritional value but is used in food manufacturing as a gelling, thickening, and stabilizing agent. Carrageenan is commonly found in processed foods like ice cream, yogurt, soy and other plant milks. The product has only been called "carrageenan" since 1889, but carrageenan has been used under different names as an ingredient in cold and flu remedies and as a gelling agent in foods going back to 400 AD.
There is some debate about the safety of carrageenan, mainly due to misreporting and taking research findings out of context. Some researchers have reported that carrageenan causes inflammation, ulceration, colitis, and colorectal tumors in animal experiments. But there are reasons to question the conclusions of some of these researchers, and their claims have never been validated in human studies. One reason why carrageenan is not likely to be harmful to humans is it is not broken down through the digestive process and therefore its constituents cannot be absorbed through the intestinal tract.
Carrageenan is different than its degraded byproduct, which is called poligeenan, a processed form of carrageenan consisting of small molecular fragments that can be absorbed into the bloodstream. Part of the misunderstanding about carrageenan is that some have assumed that digestion would break carrageenan down into poligeenan, but this is not true because most mammals, including humans, lack the enzymes to facilitate this process. Carageenan is not degraded by stomach pH or by the microflora in the GI tract.
Some of the fear about carrageenan is based on several animal and in vitro studies conducted by various research groups at the University of Chicago headed by Dr. Joanne Tobacman, which concluded that carrageenan causes intestinal inflammation, colonic carcinogenesis, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance.[1] [2] [3] [4] Tobacman and her colleagues also wrote a paper based on a time trend analysis in which they reported a correlation between the increased intake of carrageenan and the increased incidence of breast cancer. It is easy to establish correlation, but carefully conducted research establishes cause and effect relationships for only a small percentage of correlations. In fact the authors acknowledged the limitations of their analysis when they wrote, "although time-trend correlations represent a weak form of evidence, when significant positive correlations are found, they can support further evaluation."[5] The European Commission Scientific Committee for Food reviewed Tobacman’s findings and concluded that they "…did not support the hypothesis that breast cancer may be causally related to intakes of carrageenan..." and that "..such correlations might be found for any dietary component or chemical to which there has been increasing exposure during the twentieth century."[6]
Other criticisms of Tobacman’s research include that the studies involved in vitro cell lines and animals, and her group’s findings were different than other peer reviewed studies showing that carrageenan does not cause the health issues her group identified. For example, the only side effects of feeding rodents diets with 5% carrageenan were loose stools and diarrhea, and it would be difficult for a human to consume this much carrageenan.[7] Another study that involved administering both low and high doses of carrageenan to rats showed that there were no treatment-related effects on urinalysis, hematology, organ weights, ophthalmic, macroscope or microscope findings for either low-dose or high-dose rats, and the gastrointestinal tract of the rats remained normal.[8] And many say that Tobacman’s is confusing the toxicity of poligeenan with carrageenan when these are actually two different substances.[9]
There are several other criticisms of carrageenan research in general, including study design. In addition to using poligeenan, studies have involved giving carrageenan to animals in drinking water. This results in more exposure of the intestinal mucosa to carrageenan than when it is bound to protein in food. Another issue is the amounts of it used in some studies. In many, animals were given over 1000 mg/kg/d, considerably more than the 18-40 mg/kg/day commonly consumed by humans.[10]
A group headed by James McKim conducted research to determine if Tobacman’s findings were valid. His group looked at each effect identified by her group using the same cell lines and adding controls. McKim’s group also increased the concentrations of carrageenan and the number of exposures, and reported that they were unable to replicate the Chicago group’s results. The findings of McKim’s group are in alignment with the majority of studies showing that carrageenan is not broken down during digestion or by gut bacteria, and is not absorbed in the intestines. They hypothesize that impurities in or contamination of carrageenan in the Chicago group’s studies may have been responsible.[11]
McKim’s research was funded by the International Food Additives Council and the FMC Corporation, both of which have a vested interest in showing that carrageenan is safe. However, there are mitigating factors that reinforce the validity of McKim’s research findings. First, carrageenan is considered safe by regulatory agencies in other parts of the world that generally have much more stringent criteria for evaluation than U.S. regulatory agencies, including the European Parliament and Council, and The Food and Agriculture Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives.[12] The World Health Organization Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives looked at the use of carrageenan in infant formula and concluded that "…the use of carrageenan in infant formula or formula for special medical purposes at concentrations up to 1000 mg/L is not of concern."[13] And many independent and non-industry backed research groups have concluded that carrageenan is safe.
In spite of this, the public remains confused, mainly because research findings like Tobacman’s, some of which have not been replicated by other groups, and some of which involve pure speculation, are taken out of context. At this time, I do not think that evidence supports the need to avoid carrageenan when used as an additive in foods.
Carrageenan is a polysaccharide extracted from red edible seaweed called Irish moss. It has no nutritional value but is used in food manufacturing as a gelling, thickening, and stabilizing agent. Carrageenan is commonly found in processed foods like ice cream, yogurt, soy and other plant milks. The product has only been called "carrageenan" since 1889, but carrageenan has been used under different names as an ingredient in cold and flu remedies and as a gelling agent in foods going back to 400 AD.
There is some debate about the safety of carrageenan, mainly due to misreporting and taking research findings out of context. Some researchers have reported that carrageenan causes inflammation, ulceration, colitis, and colorectal tumors in animal experiments. But there are reasons to question the conclusions of some of these researchers, and their claims have never been validated in human studies. One reason why carrageenan is not likely to be harmful to humans is it is not broken down through the digestive process and therefore its constituents cannot be absorbed through the intestinal tract.
Carrageenan is different than its degraded byproduct, which is called poligeenan, a processed form of carrageenan consisting of small molecular fragments that can be absorbed into the bloodstream. Part of the misunderstanding about carrageenan is that some have assumed that digestion would break carrageenan down into poligeenan, but this is not true because most mammals, including humans, lack the enzymes to facilitate this process. Carageenan is not degraded by stomach pH or by the microflora in the GI tract.
Some of the fear about carrageenan is based on several animal and in vitro studies conducted by various research groups at the University of Chicago headed by Dr. Joanne Tobacman, which concluded that carrageenan causes intestinal inflammation, colonic carcinogenesis, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance.[1] [2] [3] [4] Tobacman and her colleagues also wrote a paper based on a time trend analysis in which they reported a correlation between the increased intake of carrageenan and the increased incidence of breast cancer. It is easy to establish correlation, but carefully conducted research establishes cause and effect relationships for only a small percentage of correlations. In fact the authors acknowledged the limitations of their analysis when they wrote, "although time-trend correlations represent a weak form of evidence, when significant positive correlations are found, they can support further evaluation."[5] The European Commission Scientific Committee for Food reviewed Tobacman’s findings and concluded that they "…did not support the hypothesis that breast cancer may be causally related to intakes of carrageenan..." and that "..such correlations might be found for any dietary component or chemical to which there has been increasing exposure during the twentieth century."[6]
Other criticisms of Tobacman’s research include that the studies involved in vitro cell lines and animals, and her group’s findings were different than other peer reviewed studies showing that carrageenan does not cause the health issues her group identified. For example, the only side effects of feeding rodents diets with 5% carrageenan were loose stools and diarrhea, and it would be difficult for a human to consume this much carrageenan.[7] Another study that involved administering both low and high doses of carrageenan to rats showed that there were no treatment-related effects on urinalysis, hematology, organ weights, ophthalmic, macroscope or microscope findings for either low-dose or high-dose rats, and the gastrointestinal tract of the rats remained normal.[8] And many say that Tobacman’s is confusing the toxicity of poligeenan with carrageenan when these are actually two different substances.[9]
There are several other criticisms of carrageenan research in general, including study design. In addition to using poligeenan, studies have involved giving carrageenan to animals in drinking water. This results in more exposure of the intestinal mucosa to carrageenan than when it is bound to protein in food. Another issue is the amounts of it used in some studies. In many, animals were given over 1000 mg/kg/d, considerably more than the 18-40 mg/kg/day commonly consumed by humans.[10]
A group headed by James McKim conducted research to determine if Tobacman’s findings were valid. His group looked at each effect identified by her group using the same cell lines and adding controls. McKim’s group also increased the concentrations of carrageenan and the number of exposures, and reported that they were unable to replicate the Chicago group’s results. The findings of McKim’s group are in alignment with the majority of studies showing that carrageenan is not broken down during digestion or by gut bacteria, and is not absorbed in the intestines. They hypothesize that impurities in or contamination of carrageenan in the Chicago group’s studies may have been responsible.[11]
McKim’s research was funded by the International Food Additives Council and the FMC Corporation, both of which have a vested interest in showing that carrageenan is safe. However, there are mitigating factors that reinforce the validity of McKim’s research findings. First, carrageenan is considered safe by regulatory agencies in other parts of the world that generally have much more stringent criteria for evaluation than U.S. regulatory agencies, including the European Parliament and Council, and The Food and Agriculture Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives.[12] The World Health Organization Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives looked at the use of carrageenan in infant formula and concluded that "…the use of carrageenan in infant formula or formula for special medical purposes at concentrations up to 1000 mg/L is not of concern."[13] And many independent and non-industry backed research groups have concluded that carrageenan is safe.
In spite of this, the public remains confused, mainly because research findings like Tobacman’s, some of which have not been replicated by other groups, and some of which involve pure speculation, are taken out of context. At this time, I do not think that evidence supports the need to avoid carrageenan when used as an additive in foods.
[1] Bhattacharyya S, Xue L, Devkota S, Change E, Morris S, Tobacman J. "Carrageenan-induced colonic inflammation is reduced in Bcl10 null mice and increased in IL-10-deficient mice." Mediators Inflamm 2013’2013:397642
[2] Bhattacharyya S, O-Sullivan I, Katyal S, Unterman T, Tobacman J. "Exposure to the common food additive carrageenan leads to glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and inhibition of insulin signaling in HepG2 cells and C57BL/67 mice." Diabetologia 2012 Jan;55(1):194-203
[3] Battacharyya S, Feferman L, Borthakur S, Tobacman J. "Common food additive carrageenan stimulates Wnt/ β-catenin signaling in colonic epithelium by inhibition of nucleoredoxin reduction." Nutr Cancer 2014;66(1):117-127
[4] Battachyyra S, Dudeja P, Tobacman J. "Tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced inflammation is increased but apoptosis is inhibited by common food additive carrageenan." J Biol Chem 2010 Dec 10;285(50):39511-22
[5] Tobacman J, Wallace R, Zimmerman M. "Consumption of carrageenan
and other water-soluble polymers used as food additives and incidence of mammary carcinoma." Medical Hypotheses 2001a;56(5):589-598
[6] Scientific Committee on Food.(2003a) Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food
on carrageenan. Brussels: European Commission; 5 March.
(SCF/CS/ADD/EMU/199 Final).
[7] Weiner M. "Food additive carrageenan: Part II: A critical review of carrageenan in vivo safety studies."
Critical Reviews in Toxicology 2014;44(3)
[8] Weiner M, Nuber D, Blakemore W, Harriman J, Cohen S. "A 90-day dietary study on kappa carrageenan with emphasis on the gastrointestinal tract." Food Chem Toxicol. 2007 Jan;45(1):98-106..
[9] Cohen S, Ito N. A critical review of the toxicological effects of carrageenan and processed eucheuma seaweed on the gastrointestinal tract." Crit Rev Toxicol 2002 Sept;32(5):413-44
[10] Weiner M. "Food additive carrageenan: Part II: A critical review of carrageenan in vivo safety studies."
Critical Reviews in Toxicology 2014;44(3)
[11] McKim J, Baas H, Rice G, Willoughby J, Weiner M, Blakemore W. "Effects of carrageenan on cell permeability, cytotoxicity, and cytokine expression in human intestinal and hepatic cell lines." Food and Chemical Toxicology October 2016;96:1-10
[12] http://www.naturalproductsinsider.com/blogs/formulating-foods/2014/07/fao-who-carrageenan-safe-in-infant-formula.aspx
[13] Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JEFCA) 2015 "Safety evaluation of certain food additives, WHO Food Additives Series: 70."
Prepared by the Seventy-ninth Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (2015) http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/171781/3/9789240693982_eng.pdf?ua=1
[2] Bhattacharyya S, O-Sullivan I, Katyal S, Unterman T, Tobacman J. "Exposure to the common food additive carrageenan leads to glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and inhibition of insulin signaling in HepG2 cells and C57BL/67 mice." Diabetologia 2012 Jan;55(1):194-203
[3] Battacharyya S, Feferman L, Borthakur S, Tobacman J. "Common food additive carrageenan stimulates Wnt/ β-catenin signaling in colonic epithelium by inhibition of nucleoredoxin reduction." Nutr Cancer 2014;66(1):117-127
[4] Battachyyra S, Dudeja P, Tobacman J. "Tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced inflammation is increased but apoptosis is inhibited by common food additive carrageenan." J Biol Chem 2010 Dec 10;285(50):39511-22
[5] Tobacman J, Wallace R, Zimmerman M. "Consumption of carrageenan
and other water-soluble polymers used as food additives and incidence of mammary carcinoma." Medical Hypotheses 2001a;56(5):589-598
[6] Scientific Committee on Food.(2003a) Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food
on carrageenan. Brussels: European Commission; 5 March.
(SCF/CS/ADD/EMU/199 Final).
[7] Weiner M. "Food additive carrageenan: Part II: A critical review of carrageenan in vivo safety studies."
Critical Reviews in Toxicology 2014;44(3)
[8] Weiner M, Nuber D, Blakemore W, Harriman J, Cohen S. "A 90-day dietary study on kappa carrageenan with emphasis on the gastrointestinal tract." Food Chem Toxicol. 2007 Jan;45(1):98-106..
[9] Cohen S, Ito N. A critical review of the toxicological effects of carrageenan and processed eucheuma seaweed on the gastrointestinal tract." Crit Rev Toxicol 2002 Sept;32(5):413-44
[10] Weiner M. "Food additive carrageenan: Part II: A critical review of carrageenan in vivo safety studies."
Critical Reviews in Toxicology 2014;44(3)
[11] McKim J, Baas H, Rice G, Willoughby J, Weiner M, Blakemore W. "Effects of carrageenan on cell permeability, cytotoxicity, and cytokine expression in human intestinal and hepatic cell lines." Food and Chemical Toxicology October 2016;96:1-10
[12] http://www.
[13] Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JEFCA) 2015 "Safety evaluation of certain food additives, WHO Food Additives Series: 70."
Prepared by the Seventy-ninth Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (2015) http://apps.who.int/iris/
Diet and Type-2 Diabetes StudyAccording to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 13% of U.S. adults have diabetes. Incidence increases with age and reaches 26.8% for Americans aged 65 years or older.[1] Almost all healthcare providers agree that diet is important for managing diabetes and for reducing the risk of co-morbidities which include cardiovascular disease and related events. Unfortunately, research shows that a minority of diabetics achieve glycemic control with diet.
A recent study might provide some inspiration for type-2 diabetics to pay more attention to diet. Participants in this nonrandomized crossover study were adults who had type 2 diabetes, required insulin, had a BMI of at least 27, and A1C levels between 6.5 and 9.5.
Fifteen participants were enrolled in a 4-week trial with sequential one-week phases:
Baseline, Dash 1, WFPB and a second week of the DASH diet
The diets were all ad libitum (subjects could eat as much as they wanted) and meals were provided.
First, a description of the two intervention diets:
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) does not require the elimination of any food but rather emphasizes consumption of more fruit, vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat dairy, while intake of saturated fat and sugar are reduced.
A whole foods plant-based diet (WFPB) emphasizes beans, whole grains, and fruits and vegetables; and minimizes or excludes animal foods, added fats, and added sugars.
Both diets have been shown in previous studies to lower blood pressure,[2] [3] plasma cholesterol,[4] [5] and blood sugar.[6] [7] Long-term adherence to a WFPB diet has been shown to result in atherosclerotic regression, reduction in angina and reduced risk of cardiac events in people who have been diagnosed with severe coronary artery disease.[8] [9]
Results:
Twelve of the fifteen subjects completed the study. One subject dropped out due to an unexpected surgery; one due to a car accident; and one subject started a new job and could not continue the weekly assessments.
Total calories were lower during all three intervention phases as compared to the baseline diet. By the end of the DASH 1 phase, total daily insulin requirements were 24% lower than baseline. By the end of the WFPB phase, total daily insulin requirements were 39% lower than baseline. When the DASH diet was resumed, insulin requirements increased 15% from the end of the WFPB week.
Average daily blood sugar was 22–24% lower with both intervention diets as compared to baseline, but the WFPB diet resulted in the lowest fasting blood sugar.
Insulin resistance decreased by 30.0% during DASH 1 and 49% during the WFPB diet. Insulin resistance during DASH 2 remained 28% lower than baseline. Insulin sensitivity was 17% higher at the end of DASH 1, 38% higher at the end of the WFPB diet, and then decreased almost to baseline by the end of DASH 2.
Weight decreased during all three phases, with a 3% lower weight at the end of the third week compared to baseline. Total, HDL, and LDL cholesterol were all lowest at the end of the WFPB week and total and LDL cholesterol significantly increased upon returning to the DASH diet.[10]
Conclusions:
Both DASH and WFPB diets, without calorie or portion restriction, result in significant and rapid reductions in insulin requirements for insulin-dependent type-2 diabetics. Subjects consuming these diets also experienced decreased total and LDL cholesterol; and lower leptin, weight, and c-reactive protein (a marker for inflammation). It is not possible to completely isolate the effect of each diet since there were carryover effects from week to week. But a pattern was observed: the benefits from the DASH diet were significantly greater when subjects switched to a WFPB diet. When the DASH diet was resumed, the benefits began regressing back toward baseline.
Limitations:
This was a small study, but one of the advantages of small studies is that researchers often can better control variables. For example, in this study meals were provided, which may not have been practical or affordable with more participants.
The breadth of the effect is a counter for the small study size. It is much easier to find effects in larger studies with hundreds of subjects, but often these differences are statistically significant but clinically meaningless. In this case, the effect was not just statistically significant, but clinically very meaningful. The short follow-up time is also a limitation, but the results were significant and immediate, and such results might incentivize people to continue to adhere to better diets in order to improve their health.
Bottom line: More plant food intake leads to better health and the more plant food consumed, the better the outcomes.
A recent study might provide some inspiration for type-2 diabetics to pay more attention to diet. Participants in this nonrandomized crossover study were adults who had type 2 diabetes, required insulin, had a BMI of at least 27, and A1C levels between 6.5 and 9.5.
Fifteen participants were enrolled in a 4-week trial with sequential one-week phases:
Baseline, Dash 1, WFPB and a second week of the DASH diet
The diets were all ad libitum (subjects could eat as much as they wanted) and meals were provided.
First, a description of the two intervention diets:
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) does not require the elimination of any food but rather emphasizes consumption of more fruit, vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat dairy, while intake of saturated fat and sugar are reduced.
A whole foods plant-based diet (WFPB) emphasizes beans, whole grains, and fruits and vegetables; and minimizes or excludes animal foods, added fats, and added sugars.
Both diets have been shown in previous studies to lower blood pressure,[2] [3] plasma cholesterol,[4] [5] and blood sugar.[6] [7] Long-term adherence to a WFPB diet has been shown to result in atherosclerotic regression, reduction in angina and reduced risk of cardiac events in people who have been diagnosed with severe coronary artery disease.[8] [9]
Results:
Twelve of the fifteen subjects completed the study. One subject dropped out due to an unexpected surgery; one due to a car accident; and one subject started a new job and could not continue the weekly assessments.
Total calories were lower during all three intervention phases as compared to the baseline diet. By the end of the DASH 1 phase, total daily insulin requirements were 24% lower than baseline. By the end of the WFPB phase, total daily insulin requirements were 39% lower than baseline. When the DASH diet was resumed, insulin requirements increased 15% from the end of the WFPB week.
Average daily blood sugar was 22–24% lower with both intervention diets as compared to baseline, but the WFPB diet resulted in the lowest fasting blood sugar.
Insulin resistance decreased by 30.0% during DASH 1 and 49% during the WFPB diet. Insulin resistance during DASH 2 remained 28% lower than baseline. Insulin sensitivity was 17% higher at the end of DASH 1, 38% higher at the end of the WFPB diet, and then decreased almost to baseline by the end of DASH 2.
Weight decreased during all three phases, with a 3% lower weight at the end of the third week compared to baseline. Total, HDL, and LDL cholesterol were all lowest at the end of the WFPB week and total and LDL cholesterol significantly increased upon returning to the DASH diet.[10]
Conclusions:
Both DASH and WFPB diets, without calorie or portion restriction, result in significant and rapid reductions in insulin requirements for insulin-dependent type-2 diabetics. Subjects consuming these diets also experienced decreased total and LDL cholesterol; and lower leptin, weight, and c-reactive protein (a marker for inflammation). It is not possible to completely isolate the effect of each diet since there were carryover effects from week to week. But a pattern was observed: the benefits from the DASH diet were significantly greater when subjects switched to a WFPB diet. When the DASH diet was resumed, the benefits began regressing back toward baseline.
Limitations:
This was a small study, but one of the advantages of small studies is that researchers often can better control variables. For example, in this study meals were provided, which may not have been practical or affordable with more participants.
The breadth of the effect is a counter for the small study size. It is much easier to find effects in larger studies with hundreds of subjects, but often these differences are statistically significant but clinically meaningless. In this case, the effect was not just statistically significant, but clinically very meaningful. The short follow-up time is also a limitation, but the results were significant and immediate, and such results might incentivize people to continue to adhere to better diets in order to improve their health.
Bottom line: More plant food intake leads to better health and the more plant food consumed, the better the outcomes.
Reprinted from Wellness Forum Health
[1] Centers for Disease Control. National Diabetes Statistics Report 2020. Estimates of Diabetes and its Burden in the United States. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pdfs/data/statistics/national-diabetes-statistics-report.pdf
[2] Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E et al. "A clinical trial of the effects of dietary pattern on blood pressure. DASH Collaborative Research Group." NEJM 1997 Apr;336(16):1117-1124
[3] Berkow SE, Barnard ND. "Blood pressure regulation and vegetarian diets." Nutr Rev 2005 Jan;63(1):1-8
[4] Appel LJ, Sacks FM, Carey VJ et al. "Effects of protein, monounsaturated fat, and carbohydrate intake on blood pressure and serum lipids: results of the OmniHeart randomized trial." JAMA 2005 Nov;294(19):2455-64
[5] Macknin M, Kong T, Weier A et al. "Plant-based, no-added-fat or American Heart Association diets: impact on cardiovascular risk in obese children with hypercholesterolemia and their parents." J Pediatr 2005 Apr;166(4):953-9,e1-3
[6] Azadbakht L, Fard NRP, Karimi M et al. "Effects of the dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) eating plan on cardiovascular risks among type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized crossover clinical trial." Diabetes Care. 201 Jan(1); 34: 55-57
[7] Barnard ND, Cohen J, Jenkins DJ, et al. "A low-fat vegan diet improves glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in a randomized clinical trial in individuals with type 2 diabetes." Diabetes Care 2006 Aug;29(8): 1777-1783
[8] Ornish D, Scherwitz LW, Billings JH et al. "Intensive lifestyle changes for reversal of coronary heart disease." JAMA 1998 Dec;280(23):2001-2007
[9] Esselstyn CB, Ellis SG, Mendendorp SV, Crowe TD. "A strategy to arrest and reverse coronary artery disease: a 5-year longitudinal study of a single physicians’ practice." J Fam Practice 1995 Dec;41(6):560-568
[10] Campbell TM, Campbell EK, Peterson DR et al. "The acute effects of a DASH diet and whole food, plant-based diet on insulin requirements and related cardiometabolic markers in individuals with insulin-treated type-2 diabetes." Diabetes Res Clin Prac 2023 Aug;202:110814
[1] Centers for Disease Control. National Diabetes Statistics Report 2020. Estimates of Diabetes and its Burden in the United States. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/
[2] Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E et al. "A clinical trial of the effects of dietary pattern on blood pressure. DASH Collaborative Research Group." NEJM 1997 Apr;336(16):1117-1124
[3] Berkow SE, Barnard ND. "Blood pressure regulation and vegetarian diets." Nutr Rev 2005 Jan;63(1):1-8
[4] Appel LJ, Sacks FM, Carey VJ et al. "Effects of protein, monounsaturated fat, and carbohydrate intake on blood pressure and serum lipids: results of the OmniHeart randomized trial." JAMA 2005 Nov;294(19):2455-64
[5] Macknin M, Kong T, Weier A et al. "Plant-based, no-added-fat or American Heart Association diets: impact on cardiovascular risk in obese children with hypercholesterolemia and their parents." J Pediatr 2005 Apr;166(4):953-9,e1-3
[6] Azadbakht L, Fard NRP, Karimi M et al. "Effects of the dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) eating plan on cardiovascular risks among type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized crossover clinical trial." Diabetes Care. 201 Jan(1); 34: 55-57
[7] Barnard ND, Cohen J, Jenkins DJ, et al. "A low-fat vegan diet improves glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in a randomized clinical trial in individuals with type 2 diabetes." Diabetes Care 2006 Aug;29(8): 1777-1783
[8] Ornish D, Scherwitz LW, Billings JH et al. "Intensive lifestyle changes for reversal of coronary heart disease." JAMA 1998 Dec;280(23):2001-2007
[9] Esselstyn CB, Ellis SG, Mendendorp SV, Crowe TD. "A strategy to arrest and reverse coronary artery disease: a 5-year longitudinal study of a single physicians’ practice." J Fam Practice 1995 Dec;41(6):560-568
[10] Campbell TM, Campbell EK, Peterson DR et al. "The acute effects of a DASH diet and whole food, plant-based diet on insulin requirements and related cardiometabolic markers in individuals with insulin-treated type-2 diabetes." Diabetes Res Clin Prac 2023 Aug;202:110814
